100
These are text portions from class powerpoints- through chapter 11.
They contain the outline material without the images-
to be most helpful they should be used with your class notes, text and
on-line glossary.
INTRODUCTION
SUNY Oswego ART 100
Paul Pearce
Henri Rousseau Sleeping
Giant
Picasso Demoiselles
Andy Warhol Soup
Leonardo DaVinci Vitruvius
Jasper Johns
What Is ART?
• How do we define art?
• What does it mean to be creative?
• Why do we create art?
• What is the nature of art?
• What is the “function” of art?
• How can we appreciate art?
Everyone wants to understand art. Why not try to understand the song of
a bird? Why does one love the night, flowers, everything around one without
trying to understand them? But in the case of painting, people have to
understand.
–Pablo Picasso
Some “Truths” About Art
• There is no agreed-upon definition of art
2. Art does not necessarily have to be beautiful
3. Art has been used to placate the gods and to create order and chaos
What Are the Purposes
of Art?
• Art Creates Beauty
Art adds beauty to our lives by looking to nature
Defining beauty can
depend on geographic location and cultural background
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, whether in Western civilizations
or non-Western civilizations
Kenyan Woman and Mona Lisa
Kenyan Woman and Mona Lisa
Mass MOCA Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art
Mass MOCA Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art
“A Closer Look”
A Portrait in the Flesh
Sometimes artists
try to improve on nature – thereby creating an alternative standard
• Art Enhances Our Environment
• Art can delight our senses
• Art can also create new environments
• Art Reveals Truth
• Art can replicate fine details
• Art can be used to trick the eye
• Art reveals the world around us
Grant Wood
American Gothic
Grant Wood Stone City Iowa
Escher Reptiles, ESCHER Relativity
• Art Immortalizes
• Art immortalizes people and events throughout the ages
• Art can bring people “together” from different periods
of time
Menander of Athens (about 342-291 BC) Marble,
Roman,
1st century BC to 1st century AD. : was the most prominent writer
of the “New Comedy”, which after 320 BC was the predominant
style of comedy on the Greek and later the Roman stage.
Robert Mapplethorpe Self Portrait 1988
Photo by Michael Jensen: This
person is from the province of Rakai . He is left alone with his 12-year
old daughter. His wife and the other children have left him. In this picture
you will see his daughter and her cousins. He is no longer able to take
care of his farm. He is very depending on his little daughter.
Andy Warhol Marlyn Monroe
Judy Chicago “Dinner Party”
• Art Expresses Religious Beliefs
• The quest for immortality
• Finding answers for the unanswerable
• Creating forms for the unseen and housing them
Michaelangelo “Sistine Chapel”
Tree of Peace
Oren Lyons Faithkeeper, Onondaga Nation Haudenosaunee
• Art
Expresses Fantasy
• Art serves as a vehicle for our innermost fantasies
• Art can represent images in our minds
Marc Chagall
I and the village
Max Beckmann
The Dream
1921
Max Beckmann Night
Hieronymus Bosch: Garden of Earthly Delights 1504-1510
Henri Matisse music
• Art Stimulates
the Intellect and Fires the Emotions
• Art has the power to make us think profoundly
• Art can make us feel deeply about something or someone
• We can reflect upon the purposes of the artist
• We search for the sources of our own emotional responses
Jenny Holzer at Mass MOCA
• Art Creates Order
and Harmony
• Artists and scientists try to find the underlying order of nature
• Compositions may be used to create order and harmony
Art is harmony. –Georges
Seurat
Island of La Grande Jatte
“Compare and Contrast”
The Piano Lesson(s) by Matisse and Bearden
Creating harmony through different means: searching for balance
The Piano Lesson
Can order ever pose a threat to harmony & psychological well-being?
Laurie Simmons Red Library
• Art
Expresses Chaos
• Harmony can presume the existence of chaos
• Chaos does not need to have specific content
Jackson Pollock
Kandinsky, (1866-1944), a Russian painter, who as an artist and a theorist
played a pivotal role in the development of abstract art.
• Art Records and Commemorates Experience
• Art Reflects the Social and Cultural Context
• Art can record events of social and cultural natures
• Art can record experiences from a specific time and place
• Art can reflect particular fashions, trends, and beliefs
• Art can also record various states of the crafts and sciences throughout
time
• Art Protests Injustice and Raises Social Consciousness
Recording experiences and objects of a certain time and place
Recording experiences and objects of a certain time and place
Recording specific cultural experiences
• Art Elevates the Commonplace
DaDa Movement: Duschamp Readymade
• Art Meets the Needs of the Artist
What Is Art?
Art provides a stimulating opportunity to explore the various conditions
of our lives and experiences.
Art is the persistent quest for beauty, for truth, and for self-expression!
Discussion Questions:
• Why is there no single answer to “what is art?”
• Who forms the “audience” for works of art?
• What are the meanings of art?
• What are the purposes of art?
• What is the concept of art, and why should we study art?
END INTRODUCTION
Chapter
Two: Visual Elements of Art
I found I could say things with color and shapes that I couldn’t
say in any other way –
things I had no words for.
Georgia O’Keeffe
Georgia O’Keefe Poppy
The Language of Art
~Visual Elements of Art
~Principles of Design
~Style, Form, and Content
With the “Language of Art,” we are able to communicate thoughts
and feelings about our visual and tactile experiences in our world
Visual Elements of Art
Explore the basic vocabulary or visual elements in the “Language
of Art”
Visual elements have the capacity to evoke thoughts and emotions
• Line
• Line is the simplest and also the most complex of the elements
of art
• Line serves as the basic building block for all art
• Line has the capacity to evoke thoughts and emotions
Characteristics of a Line
• Measure of line
• Expressive qualities of line
Types of Line
• Contour Lines
• Actual lines
• Implied lines
Actual Line
Implied Line
A line formed by dots
Implied Line
A psychologically formed line
• Leonardo da Vinci’s Madonna of the Rocks is a Renaissance
work that shows superb composition and implied lines
Rembrandt Syndics of the Drapers Guild 1660’s
Implied lines- Gaps in drawing
Functions of Line
• To give outline and shape
• To create depth and texture
• To suggest direction and movement
Modeling
• Stippling
• Hatching
• Cross-Hatching
• Contour-Hatching
Stippling
Stippling Martha Houghton
Hatching
Cross-Hatching
Contour-Hatching
Albrecht Duer- Veronica engraving 1513
Al Hirschfeld
Al Hirschfeld Marx Brothers
Keith Haring
• Shape, Volume,
and Mass
Shape
• In art, shapes are defined as the areas within a composition that
have boundaries separating them from what surrounds them
• Shapes make those areas distinct
Basic Shapes
The edges, colors, and textures of the work give it shape against the
background
Volume is a term that may be used to describe the amount of space a work
contains
Gerrit Rietveldt’s Schroeder House (1924)
Actual Mass versus Implied Mass
• Actual mass occupies three-dimensional space and has measurable
volume and weight
• Implied mass creates the illusion of possessing volume, having
weight and occupying three-dimensional space
Types of Shapes
• Geometric shapes
Rectilinear
Curvilinear
• Organic shapes
Biomorphic shapes
Amorphous shapes
Geometric Shapes
David Smith’s Cubi XVIII(1964)
Positive and Negative Shapes
• What do we see as depicted in an artwork
• What do we see as the ground or as the background
FIGURE and GROUND Barbara Kruger
Light and Value
What is light?
Visible light
Electromagnetic Energy : Waveform and Particles
Visible Spectrum we can see
Ultraviolet and
Infrared we can’t see
Chiaroscuro
Light dissolving into shade
Many gradations of value
Used to make a subtle rounding of the object or person
Chiaroscuro Example by Michelangelo Caravaggio
Descriptive and Expressive Properties of Value
Color
• Color
Color triggers emotional response
Psychological Dimensions of Color
Saturation
Complementary Colors
Opposites on the color wheel
Complementary colors are opposite each other
Analogous colors are next to each other
Primary Colors
RED
YELLOW
BLUE
Secondary Colors
ORANGE yellow+red
GREEN yellow+blue
VIOLET red+blue
Additive and Subtractive Colors
Local versus Optical Color
Local color- the natural color – reflected from natural light
Optical color- perceived color- can vary with atmospheric conditions
“Sensory overload” one of five senses strained beyond usefulness
Texture
Leon Golub Interrogation II
Visual Texture- smooth paint surface
Subversive texture
• Space
Three-dimensional space
The illusion of space on the picture surface
Overlapping shapes
The Illusion of Depth
• Vanishing points
• Horizon
• Vantage point
• One-point perspective
• Two-point perspective
1 point perspective
Vantage Point
Looking at the subject straight on- drawing a street street
Time & Motion
Actual
Motion
Mobiles
The Illusion of Motion
• Early photographic experiments
• Multiple exposures of motion
• Dynamic motion
• Blurring outlines of motion
Muybridge The Horse in Motion 1878
Duschamp- Nude descending
a Staircase 1912
Boccioni Dynamism of soccer player 1913
Optical Sensations of Motion Op Art
end Chapter Two: Visual Elements of Art
Chapter 3 Principles of Design
SUNY Oswego ART 100
Paul Pearce
He searched disorder for its unifying principles.
–Brian O’Doherty on Stuart Davis
The Language of Art
~Visual Elements of Art
Line, modeling, shape Volume, and Mass
~Principles of Design
~Style, Form, and Content
With the “Language of Art,” we are able to communicate thoughts
and feelings about our visual and tactile experiences in our world
Principles of Design
The principles of design directly involve organizing the visual elements
of art
Line, Shape, Color, Modeling, Volume, and Mass
• Unity and Variety
Unity
Variety
• Note the use of color field for the sense of variety – and
unity
• Note the sense of “oneness” in the compositions
• Thus, there is a sense of variety
• The overall composition is now unified
Curvilinear Rhythms
• Balance
• Stability in life and art
• Balance refers to the distribution of weight in art
• The actual or apparent weight in the elements of a composition
• Balancing the formal elements of art
Actual Balance and Pictorial Balance
Symmetrical Balance
Similarity of form or arrangement on both sides of a dividing line
• Symmetry
• Formal symmetry
• Symmetrical balance
• Bilateral symmetry
• Approximate symmetry
Asymmetrical Balance
• The mind’s need to see balance
• Informal balance
• Well-placed objects or colors
• Negligible balance
Horizontal, Vertical, and Radial Balance
• Left and right balance
• Top and bottom balance
• Circular balance
Vertical Balance
Imbalance
• Shock and discomfort
• Maintaining physical imbalance
• Contradictory weightlessness
• Emphasis and Focal Point
• Ways to focus the viewer’s attention
• Ways to hold the viewer’s attention
• Emphasis by isolation
• Negating focal points
Emphasis
Emphasis by Isolation
• Rhythm
Principles of Design
• Repetition
• Variations of repetition
• Rhythmic progression
“80 Backs”
• Scale
• Relative size of objects to other objects
• Ways of communicating the scale of objects
• Ways of comparing objects to other objects
Hierarchical Scaling
• Ways of indicating importance
• Relative size = relative importance
Scale-relative size of an object as compared to other objects, the setting,
or people.
Distortion of Scale
• Subverting realistic scale
• Playing on the viewer’s sense of scale
• Visual shock vs. humor
Subverting realistic scale
• Proportion
The relationship of the size of the parts to the whole.
• The canon of proportions
• The golden mean
• The golden rectangle
• The root five rectangle
The Golden Mean: Golden Rectangle
Root Five Rectangle
The Spiral
• Greeks related the spiral to the golden rectangle
• Spiral related to forms in nature
• Mathematical Means of creating a spiral
• Artistic works throughout history that recreate the spiral
Spiral Jetty Robert Smithson 1970
End Chap 3
Chapter 4 Style, Form, and Content
SUNY Oswego ART 100
Paul Pearce
Understanding Art
The duty of an artist is to strain against the bonds of the existing style.
Philip Johnson
The Language of Art
Visual Elements of Art
Principles of Design
Style, Form, and Content
• Style
• Style refers to the handling of distinctive elements and particular
media throughout the various artistic periods
• Works of art are said to have style and form
• Thus, they communicate a certain content
Art, Culture, and Context
• Variations in style are sometimes linked to:
– use of different media
– diverse cultural contexts
– characteristic approach of the artist to the subject
Stylistic differences
a group of artworks with a common theme, the “couple”
Compare and Contrast
Wood and Rosenthal
The style of an artwork refers to its characteristic expression and the
period in which it was created
Realistic Art
Most photographs are considered to be realistic because they:
Show——Capture——Document
Realistic Art and Realism
Realistic versus Representational Art
• Representational art presents figures or objects in a recognizable
manner, although not a realistic form. Forget It, Forget Me!
Photo-Realism
Chuck Close
Photo-Realism- Janet Fish
Expressionistic Art
• In expressionistic art, form and color are freely distorted by
the artist in order to achieve a heightened emotional impact
El Greco
View of Toledo
Expressionist Art
Oscar Kokoschka’s The Tempest (1914)
Abstract Art
• Abstract art departs significantly from the actual appearance of
a person or objects
• The Kiss by Constantin Brancusi
Abstract Art : Pablo Picasso’s Les Demoiselles D’Avignon
Abstract Art : Georges Braque’s The Portuguese (ch. 19)
Guston- Head
Nonobjective, Abstract Art
Judy Pfaff’s Voodoo
Mark Rothko
Frank Stella
More or Less
Louise Nevelson: Tropical Garden, Rain Garden
• Form
• Form includes elements, design principles, and composition of a
work of art
• For example, form might include colors used, textures, and shapes
• Formalistic criticism involves the elements and design but not
the historical, biographical elements of a work of art
• Content
• The content of a work of art includes everything that is contained
in that particular work of art
• The content of a work of art not only refers to lines and forms
but also its underlining meanings or themes
David and Sandao Birk
• Comparing artworks from the late 18th and late 20th centuries
The Levels of Content in a Work of Art
• Subject Matter
• Elements and composition
• Underlying or symbolic meanings or themes
Iconography
• Iconography is the study of the themes and symbols in the visual
arts – in works of art
Willie Bester of South Africa presents us with an iconographic message
of his era, in addition to social and political messages, that must be
“read” in order to understand the true or total meaning of his
art
Discussion Questions:
• Discuss the main components of style, form, and content in art.
• What are the purposes of style, form, and content in the visual
arts?
• The following chapters in this textbook show how the “Language
of Art” is important to all artworks and all artists throughout the
various periods of art history, and to your appreciation of art throughout
the ages.
END Chapter 4 Style, Form, and Content
Chapter
5 Two-Dimensional Art: Drawing
• Drawing
• Painting
• Printmaking
• Imaging: Photography,
Film, Video, and Digital Arts
Drawing . . . is the necessary beginning of everything in art, and not
having it, one has nothing.
–Giorgio Vasari
Drawing
Why do we draw and who was the first person to understand drawing?
Why was there the human need to draw?
What do we draw and why?
Drawing is the most basic form of two-dimensional art?
Categories of Drawing
• Drawing is basic to all of the visual arts
• Drawing does not only serve a utilitarian purpose
• A drawing can be the final product, or it can also serve as the
means to a final work of art
Dave Pratt – Sketch in Maine
Sketching
Dave Pratt at Burchfield Penny Center Buffalo
Drawings fall into at least three categories
• Sketches
• Plans
• Fully developed and autonomous works of art
Leonardo Divinci
Studies of central
plan buildings
-
Pen and ink on paper, 23 x 16 cm
Drawing Materials
• Dry Media
• Wet Media
Dry Media
• Silverpoint
• Pencil
• Charcoal
• Chalk and Pastel
• Crayon
- Conte Crayon
Silverpoint
Pencil
Adrian Piper’s “calling cards”
“I regret any discomfort my presence is causing you, just as I am
sure you regret the discomfort your racism is causing me.”
Charcoal
Kathe Kollwitz Self Portrait 1924 Charcoal
Leonardo da Vinci self-portrait in sanguine
Crayon
• Strictly defined, the term crayon includes any drawing material
in stick form
• This can include charcoal, chalk, and pastel, plus wax implements
Chuck Close Big Self-Portrait, 1967-68.
Fluid Media
• Pen and Ink
• Pen and Wash
• Brush and Ink
• Brush and Wash
Paper Dolls for a Post-Columbian World
QUICK-TO-SEE SMITH
Cartoons
Cartone during the Renaissance era
Michelangelo’s cartone for the Sistine Chapel
George Grosz Fit for active service 1916 & 1917
Theodor Seuss Geisel
end Chapter 5 Two-Dimensional Art: Drawing
Chapter 6 Painting Understanding Art
Two-Dimensional Art
• Drawing
• Painting
• Printmaking
• Imaging: Photography,
Film, Video, and Digital Arts
Suddenly I realized that each brushstroke is a decision … In the
end I realize that whatever meaning that picture has is the accumulated
meaning of ten thousand brushstrokes, each one decided as it was painted.
–Robert Motherwell
Robert Motherwell, 1915-1991 Elegy to the Spanish Republic, No. 57,1957-60
84” x 108”
Painting
The application of pigment to a surface
Cave Spray Painting- Hand
Painting
Surfaces paint can be applied to.
Paint and Painting
“pigment” minerals, and chemicals that create color
“vehicle” “medium” binding agent that holds paint
together
“solvent” (oil, turpentine, water) liquid that dissolves, thins
or mixes
Jan Vermeer van Delft 1632-1675
Dutch Baroque painter who specialized in exquisite, domestic interior
scenes of ordinary life.
Girl with a pearl earring.
Vermeer Woman Holding a Balance (1664)
Types of Painting
• Fresco- painting on plaster
• Encaustic- pigment mixed with wax
• Tempera- casein (milk), size, or egg
• Oil- linseed oil and turpentine
• Acrylic- water soluble plastic vehicle
• Watercolor- (aquarelle) gum arabic and water
• Spray Paint- enamel, lacquer- applied with air
Fresco Painting
Painting on Plaster- Wet or Dry
Encaustic Painting
• A pigment with a wax vehicle for painting
• An ancient method of painting – dating back to the Egyptians
and the Romans
Tempera
Popular for centuries but rarely used today
Now it is mixed with milk, glues or gums.
Oil
• Oil medium was first used to coat or glaze over the top of paintings.
• Oil painting consists of ground pigments combined with a linseed
oil vehicle or medium and a turpentine thinner
• Naturally slow drying (oxidizing) – can be speeded up with
agents
Glazing- In painting, to coat a pained surface with a semi-transparent
color that provides a glassy or glossy finish
Oil dries slowly allowing reworking of problem areas while painting
Pollock-Drip Painting
Acrylic
“No mess painting”
A mixture of pigment and a plastic vehicle
Synthetic resin of the binder and the use of a variety of surfaces with
acrylic painting
Watercolor
• Painting medium that employs water medium as a solvent
• Watercolor painting was used in Egypt and manuscript illustration
• Modern watercolor (aquarelle) is transparent pigment on a white
absorbent surface.
• Gouache A type of watercolor paint that is made opaque by mixing
pigments with a particular gum binder
Watercolor
Transparencies and tinted washes in watercolors
Spray Paint
• The history of spray can
painting, prehistory to the
present day (Cave Painting)
• Graffiti art, plus “tags” on urban
landscapes and “tag” writers’
logos
• Cultural icons in art and urban
landscape art
Basquiat – Graffiti artist
Mixed Media
• Contemporary artists using many painting media for their artworks
• Pindell and Schapiro as examples of artists using mixed media in
painting
• Weaving painting and the human recollection in art with the wet
media
end 6 painting
Chapter 7 Two-Dimensional ArtPrintmaking
Printmaking techniques
make drawings and paintings available to all
Printmaking (printing) revolutionized the way information was shared ~much
like the internet has today.
The Importance of Printmaking
Because prints are less expensive than original works of art, prints can
be owned by the general public
What Are Prints?
• Most prints are made in multiple original copies
• Prints are functional, like some drawings
• Prints show us images of great works of art
• Prints can also be considered as works of art in themselves
Methods of Printmaking
• A design or image is created in or on a surface by carving, hitting,
drawing or pressing with a tool
• The image is then transferred to
paper or some sort of surface
• The transferred image is called a
“print”
• The surface is called a “matrix”
Printmaking Processes
Relief
Relief printing: Rubberstamps- wood engravings, woodcuts
Etching plate
Lithographic metal plate
• Relief
• Woodcut
Printing Impressions
Albrecht Dürer 1471-1538
Hiroshige’s Rain
Shower on Ohashi Bridge
The Burin
Intaglio prints are
derived from images that lie below the surface of the matrix
- Engraving
• Engraving is an ancient artistic method
• Engravings were on paper during the 15th century
• Clean lines on copper, zinc, orsteel are made using a burinunder
great pressure
• Creating deep lines that hold a lotof ink
Etching-Engraving Press
- Drypoint
• This is a method of engraving
• A needle is dragged across thesurface with a rough edge left in
its wake
• A softened line is created when a print is made
• The result is a line that looks engraved
- Etching
• Etching is an intaglio process, but there are unique differences
• Minimal pressure is used for the depth of the line in etching
• A chemical process (acid) does the rest of the work in etching
- Mezzotint and Aquatint
• Hatching and crosshatching creating tones
• Non-linear advancements in the techniques of engraving
Mezzotint done with mechanical “rocker” or “hatcher”
tool
Aquatint done with fine powder resist and acid etching
- Other Etching Techniques
• Soft-ground etching
• Lift-ground etching
• Gauffrage (which is
an inkless intaglio) embossing
inkless intaglio -Gauffrage (embossing)
• Lithography
• Lithography invented by Alois Senefelder in 1796
• Unlike relief and intaglio printing,the matrix used in lithography
iscompletely flat (planographic)
• A drawing is made with a greasy crayon on a flat stone slab
Käthe Kollwitz’s Call of Death 1934/35
• Serigraphy
• Serigraphy is also known as nsilkscreen printing
• Stencils are used to create thedesign or image
• Silk, nylon, or a fine mesh is stretched on a frame
• Paint or ink are forced through the screen using a squeegee
Serigraph (Silkscreen)
Alex Katz Silkscreen prints
Thom Seawell Silkscreen Print
- Monotype
• Although monotype is a printmaking type, it also overlaps the areas
of drawing and painting
• The product of monotype is a single, original work of art
• Brushes are used, but the paint can also be scratched off
end 7 Printmaking
Chapter
8 Imaging: Photography, Film, Video, and the Digital Arts
Film, Video, and Digital Arts
Look at the things around you, the immediate world around you. If you
are alive, it will mean something to you, and if you care enough about
photography, and if you know how to use it, you will want to photograph
that meaning.
–Edward Weston
Introduction
Throughout history, artists have tried to imitate nature
(painting realism) Thomas Cole- View of Kaaterskill Falls 1826
Since the early 19th century, people have been able to capture nature
because of technological advancements
• Now, we can all be “artists” because of technology
Photography-Science and ART
• Photography Greek~to write with light
• Images captured through a lens on light sensitive material—-
– Film
– Paper
– Digital Sensor
Edward Steichen’s photo of a pond in Long Island, New York, in 1904.
World record for most expensive photograph, sold for $2.9 million in February
2006!
ANSEL ADAMS. Moon and Half Dome, Yosemite National Park, California (1960).
Moon over Bagram AF, Afghanistan
• Cameras
• All cameras have a lens or opening to let in light and a shutter
to control “shutter speed” or the length of exposure.
The camera is similar to the human eye
Photography Cameras- Film
• Film
• Layer containing an emulsion
• Negatives
• The final print
Photography Cameras ~ Digital Photography
• Digital Photography
• Electronic storage devices – no need for film
• Scanned images or camera images
• Concerns about storage and how long the images last
• History of Photography
• The Camera Obscura
• Photosensitive Surfaces
• Heliography
• The Daguerreotype
• The Negative
• Portraits
• Photojournalism
• Photography as an Art Form
Camera Obscura (Dark Room) The Camera Obscura
Camera Obscura- Pinhole Camera
World’s first photograph called “View from the Window at Le
Gras” (circa 1826), taken and developed by French photographer pioneer
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce. He called this process “heliography”
or sun drawing. the exposure time was about 8 hours.
Daguerreotype
Daguerreotype Camera
Nicholas H. Shepherd (American), Abraham Lincoln 1846 or 1847, President
#16
This daguerreotype of Lincoln is the earliest known portrait of the 16th
president of the United States.
It was most likely taken in Springfield, Illinois, shortly after Lincoln
was first elected to the House of Representatives.
First Official Presidential Portrait with a digital camera.
Barak Obama #44
George N. Barnard, “Burning Mills, Oswego, New York,” 1851 Daguerreotype
The Negative
The Autochrome Color
Portraits and Nadar
Photojournalism
Dorothea Lange “Migrant other”
MARGARET BOURKE-WHITE. The Living Dead of Buchenwald, April 1945 (1945).
911 world trade center photographs
Compare and Contrast
The Raising of the Flag at Iwo Jima with the Raising of the Flag at the
World Trade Center: 9/11
Photographic records of Rosenthal’s and Franklin’s historic
on-the-spot photographs
Photography as an Art Form
JAMES VANDERZEE. Future Expectations (c. 1915). Gelatin silver print.
SANDY SKOGLUND. Radioactive Cats (1980
Cindy Sherman- self portraits
David Hockney
DAVID HOCKNEY. Pearblossom Highway 11—18th April 1986
Cinematography Muybridge’s cinemagraphic experiments
Cinematography
• The art of making motion pictures
Lumière and Company
A collaboration between 41 international film directors in which each
made a short film using the original Cinématographe camera invented
by the Lumière brothers. 1890’s
Flashbacks /forward
in Film Editing
Color Motion Pictures
Animation
Man with a movie camera
• Varieties of Cinemagraphic Experience
• Propaganda
• Satire
• Social Commentary
• Fantasy
• Surrealism
• Symbolism
Salvador Dalí and Luis Buñuel’s
Un Chien Andalou (1928)
Video
• Video ART-not commercial video –shown on any screen
Video Sculpture- Installations built in screens
Projected Video Installation
Video ART-not commercial video
Video Sculpture- Installations
Tony Oursler
Barry Anderson
Digital Art
• An introduction to the computer arts: visual and printed media
• The use and limitations of computer-aided artworks
• Graphic design and web design
Robert Lazzarini’s video art, mixed media
Study for Payphone (2001)
End Chapter 8 Imaging: Photography, Film, Video, and the Digital Arts
Chapter 9 Sculpture
Three-Dimensional Art
· Sculpture
· Architecture
· Craft & Design
A sculptor is a person obsessed with the form and shape of things, and
it’s not just the shape of one thing, but the shape of anything and
everything: the hard, tense strength, although delicate form of a bone;
the strong, solid fleshiness of a beech tree trunk.
–Henry Moore Sculpture
· The art of carving, casting, modeling, or assembling materials
into three-dimensional figures or forms
1. Relief sculpture
- Bas-Relief
- High Relief
2. Freestanding sculpture
Relief Sculpture
- Bas-Relief - High Relief
Freestanding sculpture
· Subtractive and Additive Types of Sculpture
· Subtractive process A process in which a sculpture is created
by the removal of material, as in carving.
· Additive process A process in which a sculpture is created by
adding or assembling materials, as in modeling and constructing.
· Subtractive and Additive Types of Sculpture
· Carving
· Modeling
· Casting
· Construction
- Carving
· In sculpture, the process of cutting away material, such as wood
or stone.
· Carving materials
- stone, wood, ivory, bone
· The result is a figure or form to transcend its origins
- Modeling
· Hand manipulating the material
· Manipulating the material with tools
- Casting
The Lost-Wax Technique
- Casting of Human Models
- Construction
· Forms are built from materials
· Discuss some of the materials
- wood, paper, sheet metal,and wire
· Techniques such as pasting and welding
· Types of Materials
· Stone
· Wood
· Clay
· Metal
- Stone
· Stone is extremely hard
· It is also very durable
· Appropriate for monuments and statues
· Stone tools such as the chisel,mallet, and rasp
· Contemporary power tools
“A Closer Look”
The Vietnam Veterans Memorial
- Wood
· Wood can be carved, scraped, drilled, and polished
· Under heat, wood can be bent
· Certain woods have a variety of hardness
· It is more readily carved than stone
- Clay
· Clay is more pliable than stone or wood
· Clay is more personal when modeled because our fingerprints are
left on its surface
· Clay has little strength and must be used in different ways than
stone or wood
- Metal
· Metals are cast, extruded, forged, scraped, drilled, filed, and
burnished
· Cast bronze sculptures
· Direct-metal sculptures
· Chemical treatments and patinas
· Modern and Contemporary
· Materials and Methods
· Constructed sculpture
· Assemblage
· Readymades
· Mixed media
· Kinetic sculpture
· Light sculpture
· Land art
- Constructed sculpture
· The artist “builds” the sculpture
· Materials could include, sheet metal, cardboard, celluloid, or
wire
· Some artworks are lighter than those from stone or wood
· Unorthodox materials can also be used
Pablo Picasso’s
Mandolin and Clarinet (1913)
- Assemblage
· A form of constructed sculpture
· Pre-existing or found objects take on a new form as artworks
· Novel combinations that take on a new life and meaning
· One of the best-known examples is Picasso’s Bull’s
Head
- Readymades
· Found objects (readymades) can be elevated to works of art on
pedestals, such as Duchamp’s urinal, turned upside down
· This is a 20th-century artistic trend
· No assembly is needed for this artform
Readymades
- Readymades
- Mixed Media
· Sculptors use materials and ready- made or found objects that
are not normally elements of a work of art
· Artists, such as Rauschenberg (see Ch. 20), may attach other
materials to their canvasses
- Kinetic Sculpture
· Sculptures that move
· Art and action
· Some forms of movement: intensity of light, or human manipulations
· Calder Mobiles(Ch. 2)
Kinetic Sculpture Sculpture that moves George Rickey’s stainless-steel
sculpture
Cluster of Four Cubes (1992)
- Light Sculpture
· Light and its reflections have always been an important elements
in sculpture
· However, “light sculpture” is a 20th-century artform
· Creates physical psychological and physical effects of color
and the creation of illusion
- Land Art
· Land art is site-specific
· Some of these earthwork art- forms are temporary
- Land Art
Robert Smithson’s Spiral Jetty Great Salt Lake, Utah (1970)
“A Closer Look”Christo and Jeanne-Claude
The Gates, Central Park, New York City, 1979-2005
A Portfolio of
More Recent Sculpture
JANINE ANTONI. Chocolate Gnaw (1992
SYLVIE FLEURY. Dog Toy 3 (Crazy Bird) (2000
RICHARD SERRA. Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain.
End Chapter 9 Sculpture Three-Dimensional Art
Chapter 10 Three-Dimensional
Art •
Architecture
• Sculpture
• Architecture
• Craft & Design
The mother art is architecture. Without an architecture of our own, we
have no soul of our own civilization.
–Frank Lloyd Wright
Iintroduction
Architecture, of all the arts, has the greatest impact on our lives.
Architecture determines the quality of the environments in which we work,
play, live, meditate, and rest.
Architecture
• The art and science of designing buildings, bridges, and other
structures to meet our personal and communal needs
• It is also a vehicle for artistic expression in three-dimensions
• Architecture is an artform and a science (engineering)
Early shelter
• Architectural Materials
• Stone
• Wood
• Cast Iron
• Steel Cage
• Reinforced Concrete
• Steel Cable
• Shell
Stone a symbol of strength and permanence
-
Cliff houses- Mesa Verde
Post-and-Lintel Construction
Post-and-Lintel Construction
Stonehenge England
Stonehenge is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of
large standing stones. Archaeologists had believed that the monument was
erected around 2500 BC
Temple of Amen-Re, Karnak (Egyptian, XVIII dynasty, 1570–1342 BCE).
Pillar statue of Akhenaton
from Temple of Amen-Re, Karnak (Egyptian, New Kingdom,
Temple of Fortuna Virilis, Rome (Republican period, late 2nd century BCE).
The Pantheon, Rome (Early Empire, 117–125 CE). Exterior view.
Dry Masonry : Walls
of Fortress of Machu Picchu,
Great Pyramids at Giza (Egyptian, Old Kingdom, c. 2570–2500 BCE).
Arches
• Arches span distances
• They support other structures, such as roofs
• They serve as actual and symbolic gateways, as in the Arch of Triumph
inParis, France
• Keystone
Gateway Arch- St. Louis, Mo
• An extended arch
Barrel vault
Flying buttress.
Vaults
St. Michael’s at Hildesheim
Vaults
Romanesque
St. Sernin
Toulouse, France Built during the Romanesque Period between AD 1080 and
1120
Domes
• Domes are hemispherical forms
• They are rounded when viewed from underneath
• They are extensions of the principle of the arch
• They are capable of enclosing a vast amount of space
Geodesic dome.
BUCKMINSTER FULLER. United States Pavilion, Expo 67, Montreal (1967).
Domes
Stupa of Sanchi Buddhist Temple India
Other Uses of Stone in Construction
• Stone is rarely used today as a structural material
• Expensive to quarry and transport
• Stone veneers
• Decorative stone used on facades
• Stone slabs for entry halls, patios, and gardens
- Wood
• Wood is attractive and versatile
• It is an abundant and renewable
• It is light and can be worked onsite with portable hand tools
• A variety of colors and grains
• It can be weathered or painted
• It can be used on the facade or as a structural material
- Wood
• Wood also has drawbacks:
- It can warp, crack, rot, and
is highly flammable and
prone to insect infestation
• Modern chemicals can treat and strengthen wood
Trusses
• Lengths of wood, iron, or steel
• Pieced together in a triangular shape
• Trusses span large distances
• The strength of trusses
• Trusses as design and engineering elements
Balloon Framing
• An American construction building technique
• A product of the Industrial Revolution (early 20th century)
• Mass production and assembly of materials
• Sidings, such as shingle,
clapboard, veneers, and newer aluminum siding
- Cast-Iron Architecture
• Was also a product of the 19th century’s Industrial Revolution
• Changed the realm of architecture
• Was a welcome alternative to stone and wood
• Allowed for the erection of taller buildings with thinner walls
• Has great strength but is heavy
Crystal Palace, London (1851).
GUSTAVE EIFFEL. Eiffel
Tower, Paris (1889).
Steel-Cage Architecture
• Very strong metal with some
carbon and other metals
• Harder than cast iron and very
expensive; however, less of the
material needs to be used
• Skeletal forms of steel result in “steel cages”
• Façades and inner walls are hung from the skeleton
Philip Johnson Glass House 1949
- Reinforced Concrete Architecture
• A 19th-century building material also called ferroconcrete
• Steel rods and/or steel mesh are inserted into wet concrete
• Steel is inserted at points of greatest stress before hardening
• It can span greater distances and support greater weights
Frank Lloyd Wright’s Kaufmann House (“Fallingwater”) Bear
Run, PA (1936)
Moshe Safdie’s Habitat Expo 67, Montreal (1967)
- Steel-Cable Architecture
• Asian wood and rope suspension bridges for thousands of years
• Brooklyn Bridge used steel cables to span NY’s East River
(1833)
• Parallel wires share the stress
• Very flexible and the road below can sway during changing weather
and traffic conditions
• Note: Twin Towers in Fig. 10-21
JOHN A. ROEBLING. Brooklyn Bridge, New York (1869–1883).
- Shell Architecture
• Modern materials and engineering methods now enclose spaces with
inexpensive shell structures
• Shells are capable of spanning greater spaces
• Constructed from reinforced concrete, wood, steel, paper, etc.
• Concept as old as the tent or new as a geodesic dome
Dymaxion Deployment Unit (DDU)
- New Materials, New Visions in Architecture
• New idea in architecture: “If you can think it, we can build
it”
• Global architects now adopt high-tech metals and methods
• Different visions concerning assembling designs and buildings
• Unorthodox building materials
FRANK GEHRY. Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain (1997).
Richard Serra
The Matter of Time at the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Spain
- New Materials, New Visions in Architecture
Selfridges Dept Store Birmingham England 2003
- New Materials, New Visions in Architecture
Fuji TV Bldg Tokyo 1996
END Chapter 10 Three-Dimensional Art Sculpture
Chapter
11 - Craft and Design
• Craft
“Crafts make us feel rooted, give us a sense of belonging and connect
us with our history. Our ancestors used to create these crafts out of
necessity, and now we do them for fun, to make money and to express ourselves.”
Phyllis George
What is the difference between art and craft?
Introduction
The difference between art for art’s sake or art for utility’s
sake is sometimes blurred.
Functional vs purely Artistic work.
Greek philosophers regarded craftspeople much higher than artists. Later
a French philosopher declared “only what serves no purpose is truly
beautiful”
Today there is a significant blending between art and craft.
A potter created the vessel and an artist decorated it.
• Variety of Media
• Ceramics
• Glass
• Fiber Arts
• Metalwork and Jewelry
• Wood
• Design
Tyler Hall Ceramic Studio Display Case October 2009
- Ceramics
• Ceramics is the art or process of making objects of baked clay
• Versatile types of ceramics:
- pottery
- clay sculptures
- building bricks
- tiles
building materials
space shuttle materials
- Ceramics
• Methods of Working with Clay
• The Potter’s Wheel
• Glazing
• Ceramic Objects and Wares
- earthenware
- stoneware
- porcelain
Chinese porcelain (china)
Methods of Working with Clay
The Potter’s Wheel
Glazing
Robert Arneson- Jackson Pollock (1983)
Types of Ceramics
• Earthenware Porus - Low temp fire Usually Red or tan-
• Stoneware slightly porus- Higher temp fire –Usually Gray
• Porcelain- hard - non-porus – usually white
Porcelain
- Glass
• Glass is generally made from molten sand (silica) and mixed with
minerals under great heat
• The combination of minerals
offers different results, such as windows in a Gothic cathedral or modern-day
glass windows
- Glass
• Henri Matisse’s windows in Chapel of the Rosary
Versatile Glass
• Molten glass can be modeled, pressed, rolled, blown, and spun
• Fiberglass has been spun and can even be worked into textiles
• Ancient Egypt and Romans made glass
“A Closer Look”
The Chandeliers of Dale Chihuly
Chihuly’s extraordinary glassworks compel us to reflect on the context
in which they are set, from Venice and Jerusalem to Washington state
- Fiber Arts
• Weaving
• Basketry
Weaving
The history from the Egyptians to the Greeks The weaving of fabric or
cloth is accomplished by interfacing horizontal and vertical threads
Weaving
• The weaving terms of warp and weft (woof)
• Various weaves: satin, twill, and pile
• Surface treatments of printing, embroidery, tie-dying, and batik
“A Closer Look”
The Fiber Arts of Faith Ringgold
Born in Harlem, Ringgold started painting murals but then turned to sewing
and related techniques: needlepoint, beading, braided ribbon, and sewn
fabric with feminist and civil rights motifs
Basketry
• In basket weaving, fibers are woven together in various patterns
and designs
• Various materials can be used in weaving baskets
• The history of basketry goes back to the dawn of humanity and they
have been found in the Egyptian pyramids and throughout Africa
Basketry
Ceremonial feathered basket with bead and shell pendants American Indian,
Pomo (1900)
Skokomish Tribe
- Metalwork and Jewelry
• Working with various metals has a history from prehistoric times
• Metalwork includes tools, ritual vessels, weapons, horseshoes,
armor, and sacred objects, plus decorative ornaments and jewelry
• There is a variety of textures and densities of metals: very desirable
- Metalwork and Jewelry
Pectoral Piece from Ordzhonikidze, Russia (4th Century BCE)
- Wood
• Wood is a very simple material to craft, and it has been used since
prehistoric times
• Wood has many textures, grains, strengths, and colors
• Wood is an extremely versatile medium with many uses from weapons
to decorations, jewelry, sacred items, and ornaments
- Wood
David Ellsworth’sHomage Pot (1992)
- Design
• Graphic Design
• Posters
• Logos
• Industrial Design
• Web Design
• Urban Design
Graphic Design
• The art of creating designs or patterns for commercial purposes
• Examples: postage stamps, book designs, greeting cards, posters,
brochures, billboards, signs, etc.
• Typography is a related artconcerning the process of setting and
arranging type for printing
IKEA - Futura and Verdana typefaces - Verdana is modern- designed for
the web
HELVETICA- Typeface- Swiss invented, found everywhere
Posters
Toulouse-Lautrec’s Le Divan Japonais (1892)
Logos
• MTV
• Cingular Wireless
• Apple
Industrial Design
Form, Function and design
End Chapter 11 - Craft and Design